Posts
Mr. Kalpesh V. Patel
AMITY B.Ed. College, Bharuch
SF[;”J[Z
ki[s<v[rn) s>kÃpni:
ki[s<v[r
a>g\[J S¾d C[. t[mi> b[ S¾di[ smiy[li> C[ - ki[s< an[ v[r. Course l[T)n S¾d Cursus prY) utr)
aiÄyi[ C[ - j[ni[ aY< Yiy g(t an[ Ware
S¾d a>g\[J S¾d C[ - j[ni[ aY<
Yiy c)jvAt&.
· (vPyvAt&n[ g(t aipv) a[Tl[ ki[s<v[r.
· (Sxk oiri aYvi S]x(Nk upkrNn) shiyY) j[ t[
(vPyn&> nkk) kr[l&> ci[kks (vPyvAt& (vwiY)<ai[mi>
s>k\(mt krvin&> hi[y t[n[ ki[s<v[r kh) Skiy.
· (v(vF siFni[-mi¹ymi[ni upyi[g oiri
(vwiY)<ai[mi> s>k\(mt krvi miT[ (n(Vt krvimi> aiv[l&> ci[kks
(vPyvAt&> a[Tl[ ki[s<v[r.
· (Sxk[ (vwiY)<n[ ky&>, k[Tl&>
an[ k[v&> (vPyvAt&> (SKvvin&> C[. t[ni (nFi<(rt
krvimi> aiv[li Av$pn[ ki[s<v[r kh) Skiy.
T*>kmi>
k[s<v[r a[Tl[....
Ø S)Kvvi miT[n) (vPyvAt&n) simg\)
Ø (v(vF mi¹ymi[ oiri (vwiY)<ai[ni
mni[p\d[Smi> s>k\(mt krvi miT[n&> (vPyvAt&
Ø (Sxk[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ ky&>. an[
k[Tl&> (vPyvAt&> S)Kvvin&> C[ t[n& sb>(Ft
s>AYiai[a[ nkk) kr[l&> p\miN.
a¹yyn
a¹yipn p\(k|yimi> ki[s<v[rn&> mh_v:
ü a¹yn-a¹yipnn&> p\(k|yin&> srLtiY)
an[ sfLtip*v<kn&> aiyi[jn krvi miT[.
ü a[k srK) pdv) aipt) j&d) j&d)
s>AYiai[ vµc[ a¿yisk|mn) a[k$pti jiLvvi miT[.
ü j&d) j&d) s>AYiaimi> a[k j
a¿yisk|mn&> a¹yyn - a¹yipn krti> a¹yipki[ an[ (vwiY)<ai[ni
(vPyvAt& a>g[ni nvi nvi (vciri[n) prApr aipl[ krvi miT[.
ü a¹yipn, pr)xi an[ m*Ãyi>kn kiy<n&>
s>ciln sfLtip*v<k an[ srLtiY) krvi miT[.
ü a¹y[ti an[ a¹yipkn[ p*v< t]yir) miT[n) tk
p*r) piDvi miT[.
ü a¹yipn p\(k|yimi> k[Tli> an[ k[vi p\kirni
S]x(Nk siFni[ an[ simg\)ni[ upyi[g Ye Sk[ t[ni[ ²yil aiv[ miT[.
ü a¹yipnmi> nv)nti livvi miT[.
ü a¹y[tin[ min(sk r)t sjj krvi miT[.
ü smg\ (vPyvAt&ni (vSiL Xinn[ a[k j flk pr
rj* krvi miT[.
ü a¹yyn- a¹yipn p\(k|yimi> kÀ¼y&Trni[
upyig Ye Sk[ miT[.
ki[s<v[rn) rcnimi> XiniRmk,
BiviRmk an[ mni[(k|yiRmk h[t&ai[ni[ upyi[g:
XiniRmk h[t& :
Xin a[Tl[ agiu ji[y[l), jiN[l) k[ S)K[l) bibtn&>
p&n: AmrN. ai x[#imi> (vcirv&>, jiNv&>, smAyiai[ni (nvirN
j[v) bibti[ni[ smiv[S Ye Sk[. ji[ (vcir an[ mi(ht)n&> s>k|mN asrkirk
r)t[ Yy&> hi[y ti[ XiniRmk h[t& (s¹F Yy[li[ gNiy.
1. Xin
Knowledge
2. smj Understanding
3. upyi[g Application
4. (vÅl[PN Analysis
5. s>Ål[PN Synthesis
6. m*Ãyi>kn Evaluation
BiviRmk h[t& :
Äy(ktn) b&(¹F an[ (vcirsN) j[vi t_vi[ni[
smiv[S BiviRmk pisi>mi> Yiy C[. ki[s<v[rn) rcni a[v) r)t[ Yv) ji[ea[
k[ smijn[ pi[Pk a[vi> m*Ãyi[, vlNi[, rs (vwiY)<mi> dQ Yiy.
1. g\hN
krv&> Receiving
2. p\(t(k|yi
krv) Responding
3. m*Ãy
aikrv&> Valuing
4. s>gqn Organization
5. ci(r#y`n&>
ail[Kn Characterization
mni[(k|yiRmk h[t& :
ki[s<v[r oiri hiY an[ y>#is>b>F)
ki]SÃy (vksivvini[ h[t& pN smiy[li[ C[. ai x[#imi> n)c[n) bibti[ni[
smiv[S Yiy C[.
1. kiy<
krv&> Manipulation
2. p\ir>B
krv&> Initiation
3. (ny>#iN
krv&> Control
4. AvBiv)krN
Naturalization
_________________________________________________________________
Mr. Kalpesh V.
Patel
AMITY B.Ed. College,
Bharuch
CF0”J[Z
Hardware {hiD<v[r} :-
Ø (SxNn) p\(k|yimi> yi>(#ikrNn&> p\miN a[.
Ø (Sxk (vwiY)<ai[mi> sci[T an[ mh_im (vPyvAt&n&> a¹y[timi>
s>k|mN krvi miT[ j[ Bi](tk siFni[ni[ upyi[g kr[ t[[.
Ø T*>kmi> ki[s<v[rn[ (vwiY)<mi> s>k|(mt krvi miT[ j[ tmim
Bi](tk siFni[ni upyi[g Yiy t[ bFij hiD<v[r C[.
Overhead Projector ai[vrh[D p\i[j[kTr / sºm&K (c#idS<k :-
pirdS<k
(c#ii[ k[ simg\)n[ pDdi upr p\x[(pt krt siFni[mi>n&> a[k siFn a[Tl[
ai[vrh[D p\i[j[kTr. ai a[k a[v&> p\i[j[kTr C[ j[ni upyi[g smy[ (Sxk
vg< smx UBi rh)n[ cci< kr) Sk[ C[. miT[ t[n[ sºm&K (c#idS<k pN kh[
C[. ai upri>t ai p\i[j[kTr oiri p\x[(pt Yti> (krNi[ (Sxkni KBi k[ miYin)
U>cieY) uprni Big[Y) psir Yti hi[viY) t[n[ ai[vrh[D p\i[j[kTr kh[ C[.
(s¹Fi>t:
Ø a>tgi[L t[mj spit / smtl
ar)si oiri p\kiSn&> privt<n.
Ø (vw&tSIktn&>
p\kiSSIkt an[ g(tSIktmi> $pi>tr.
Ø b(hgi[<L l[ºs
(vp&ldS<k tr)k[ kiy< kr[ C[.
kiy<:
bÃb cil& krti>
p\i[j[kTrn) p[T)n) spiT) pr rh[l kicn) spiT) p\ki(St Yiy C[. ai spiT) pr
p\x[(pt si(hRy-a[Tl[ k[ T^iºsprºs) m*kvimi> aiv[ C[. uprni Big[ rh[l ar)sin[
gi[qvti> (c#i pDdi pr pD[ C[ an[ Ak|* vD[ upr-n)c[ kr) (c#imi>
vF&> ApOTti m[Lv) Skiy C[. pDdi an[ p\i[j[kTr vµc[n&> a>tr
p\(t(b>bni kdni aiFir[ nkk) kr) Skiy C[. cci< smy[ ji[ j$rni hi[y ti[
IAvc vD[ fkt l[Àp b>F kr) Skiy an[ a>drni[ p>Ki[ cil& riK) Skiy
C[.
fiydi:
ü s>ciln miT[ aºy ki[e ÄyIktn)
j$r nY).
ü ai[Ci a>Fkirmi> pN upyi[g
Ye Sk[.
ü (Sxk vg<n) sim[ hi[y C[ miT[
cci< krvin) srLti pD[ C[.
ü vg<ÄyvAYi sicvvini[ p\Ån
rh[ti[ nY).
ü aikZ(t k[ lKiN tRkiL p\[x(pt kr)
Skiy C[.
ü r>gi[ni[ upyi[g Ye Sk[ C[.
ü (c#i[n&> ai[vr l[(p>g
kr) smj sir) r)t[ (vksivZ) Skiy C[.
ü alg ki.pi. kiy< krvin) j$r
rh[t) nY).
ü a¹yipn kiy< dr(myin pN
(c#i[ni[ (vkis kr) Skiy C[.
ü pirdS<k Gn pdiYI[< pN t[ni
pr rj* Ye Sk[ C[.
myi<di:
ü siFn mi[G&> pD[ C[.
ü D^i[e>gmi> k&SL (Sxk j
vFir[ asrkirk upyi[g kr) Sk[.
ü t]yir si(hRyni[ aBiv.
ü kd an[ vjnn) srKimN) LCD p\i[j[kTr krti> vFir[ C[ a[Tl[ h[rf[rn) srLti nY).
LCD Overhead Projector a[l.s).D).
p\i[j[kTr :-
OHP n) mddY) p\x[(pt Yt&> p\(t(b>b IAYr hi[y C[ jyir[ LCD n) mddY) Yt&> p\(t(b>b IAYr tYi g(tmin an[
p\miNmi> vFir[ ApOTti hi[y C[.
LCD Projector a[v&> p\i[j[kTr C[. j[n)
mddY) pDdi pr g(tmin (c#ii[, T[(l(vzn p\i[g\im, r[ki[Di[<(D (v(Dyi[
p\i[g\im, kÀ¼y*Tr p\i[g\Às vg[r[ dSi<v) Skiy C[.
ai p\i[j[kTr vjnmi>
hlk&> tYi srLtiY) h[rf[r kr) Skiy t[v&> hi[y C[. j[Y) t[ni[
upyi[g SiLi, kiƒl[j, kc[r)ai[, (m(T>gi[, s[(mnir, vk<Si[p vg[r[mi>
srLtiY) kr) Skiy C[.
(s¹Fi>t:
Ø b(hgi[<L l[ºs
(vp&ldS<k tr)k[ kiy< kr[ C[. t[niY) U>F&>, mi[T&>
an[ viAt(vk p\(t(b>b mL[ C[.
Ø d(OT sitRyni[ (s¹Fi>t.
kiy<:
LCD Projector (c#ii[n&> p\dS<n kr[ C[. t[ (v(Dyi[ r[ki[D[<D p\i[g\iÀs,
T[(l(vznni p\i[g\iÀm, kÀ¼y&Tr p\i[g\Às vg[r[n&> pN p\i[j[kSn srLtiY)
kr) Sk[ C[. (vSiL sm&diyn[ a[k siY[ j kiy<k|m srLtiY) dSi<v) Sk[ C[.
LCD Projector miT[
ü T[(l(vzn,
ü DVD Player,
ü VCD Player,
ü Computer,
ü Live Programme(VSet),
ü r[ki[(D<>g
vg[r[ tmim vAt&ai[ enp&Tn&> kim kr) Sk[ C[.
fiydi:
Ø LCD Projector n&> S]x(Nk mh_v GN&> C[ k[m k[ t[niY)
(SxN kiy<mi> Jv>t p(rIAY(t UB) Yiy C[ an[ viAt(vkti rj& Yiy C[.
j[Y) (vwiY)<ai[ni minspT pr Rvr)t an[ am)T asr pD[ C[. t[ni fiydi ai
m&jb C[.
Ø LCD Projector oiri bh& mi[Ti sm*hn[ a[k siY[ an[k p\i[j[kSn
oiri a[k j kiy<k|m a[kj j vKt[ dSi<v) Skiy C[.
Ø (vSiL j³yimi> an[k li[ki[n[
a[k kiy<k|m a[k siY[ dSi<vvi K*b j upyi[g) siFn.
Ø mi[Ti S]x(Nk kiy<k|mi[ k[
j[mi> (vSiL mi#imi> (vwiY)<ai[, (Sxki[ vg[r[n) hijr) hi[y t[vi smy[ ai
siFn K*bj upyi[g).
Ø kÀ¼y&Tr oiri t]yir Yy[l
p\i[g\imi[, p*v<(n(m<t (vPyvAt&, liev p\i[g\iÀs vg[r[ni p\dS<n
miT[ upyi[g).
Ø LCD Projector ....
(vwiY)<ai[mi>
ü rs an[ (jXisi p[di Yiy C[.
ü g(t siY[ s>kLiy[li ²yili[n[
ApOT kr[ C[.
ü k|(mk tbkkivir Yt) p\(k|yiai[n[
dSi<vvi upyi[g).
ü viAt(vkti rj* kr[ C[.
ü B*tkiL an[ vt<min bnivi[
vg<mi> liv[ C[.
ü smyni p(rbLi[n&> (nymn
kr[ C[.
ü vAt&n[ nin) k[ mi[T) btiv)
Sk[ C[.
ü Jv>t GTni, (k|yi-bnivi[n&>
(fÃm oiri r[ki[(D>g kr) fr) btivvi upyi[g).
ü d&l<B an&Bvi[ p*ri
piD) Sk[ C[.
ü (fÃm ¹yin k[IºWt kr[ C[.
ü ÄyIktgt tfivti[ s>ti[P) Skiy
C[.
ü Bivi[, m*Ãyi[ an[
vlNi[n&> GDtr kr[ C[.
ü kliRmk d(OT k[Lv[ C[.
.
Computer kÀ¼y&Tr :-
ü kÀ¼y*Tr a[ (vXin an[ T[k`ni[li[Jn)
a[k uRkZOT Si[F.
ü j[ni upyi[gY) (vV aRyir[ a[k nv)
(dSi trf aigL vF) rH&>
ü (SxNmi> pN kÀ¼y*Trni upyi[gn)
mh_im Skytiai[
ü j[ni aiFir[ (SxN p\Nil)mi>
rh[l) an[k myi<diai[n[ (nvir) Skiy
ü a¹yipn-a¹yyn p\(k|yin[ kÀ¼y*Trni
upi[gY) a[k nv) U>cie s&F) phi[>ciD) Skiy t[m C[.
upyi[g:
S]x(Nk s>AYiai[
miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr n)c[ni> m&²y kiyi[< miT[ upyi[g) C[.
ü s>cilinmi> : (vwiY)<ai[ni> p\v[Smi>, p\t)xi yid) t]yir krvimi>, f) l[vi
miT[, mik<S)T - s(T<(fk[Ti[ t]yir krvi, pgir (bli[ miT[, s>AYini
p#iÄyvhirmi> vg[r[ kiyi[< miT[ t[ upyi[g) C[.
ü (SxNkiy< : CAL, CAI
ü kÀ¼y*Tr (SxN aipvi miT[.
ü (Sxk miT[ p*rk simg\) p\i¼t krvi
t[mi> GN) bF) mi(ht)ni[ s>g\h Yiy C[. t[ mi(ht) j$r pD[ Ryir[ t[ m[Lv)
Skiy C[. aRyir[ eºTrn[T oiri d&(nyiBrn) lieb\[r)ai[mi>Y) pN mih)t)
mLvvin) sgvD C[.
ü pr)xin[ lgti> kiyi[< : p\Ånb[ºk, m*Ãyi>kn, p(rNimi[ t]yir krvi> vg[r[
ü p&Atkilyni upyi[g : p&Atki[n) yid), aip-l[, j$r) p&Atki[n) mi(ht) vg[r[.
ü s>Si[Fn miT[ : s>Si[Fnn[
lgt) gNtr), m*liFir, mhiSi[F (nb>F,
myi<di:
ü K*bj Kci<L
ü hJ p*rti> si[fTv[r p\¼y nY).
ü BiPin[ lgt) m&Æk[l)ai[.
ü nv&> Av)kir krvini[ /
(vri[F krvini[ (Sxkin&> vlN
ü S]x(Nk s>AYiai[mi>
s&(vFini[ aBiv.
T.V. T).v).:-
ü Birtmi> 15m),aiƒgAT,1959ni
(dn[ p\iyi[(gk Fi[r[N[ (dÃh)mi> S$ait
ü bid m&>be, ~)ngr,
jl>Fr, klk_ii, mWis an[ lKni]mi> 1972
ü 1982mi> nvmi[ a[(Syie rmi[Rsv
- 20 nvi> (rl[ k[ºWi[.hil 45 j[Tli> (rl[ k[ºWi[
ü T).v)> oiri d[Sn) 80 Tki vAt)
n[ aivr) l[viy C[.
ü 1l), a[(p\l,1976ni (dvs[
T[(l(vzn aiƒl e(ºDyi r[(Dyi[Y) alg an[ mi(ht) an[ p\siN Kiti> a>tg<t
ü 1957mi> SITE (Satelite Instructional Television Experiment) kiy<k|m oiri T.V.ni S]x(Nk upyi[gni[ udy
ü INST upg\h oiri kiym) Fi[rN[ S]x(Nk kiy<k|mi[ cil&
krmi> aiÄyi.
3 p\kirni T[(l(vzn kiy<k|m
1.
Äyivsi(yk T[(l(vzn Commerical Television
2.
S]x(Nk T[(l(vzn Educational Television
3.
a¹yipn T[(l(vzn Instructional Television
S]x(Nk T[(l(vzn {Educational Television)ni p\kir:
ü ai[pn srk)T T).v). : Open Circuite T.V.
o
p\sirNmi> T).v). AT[Sn oiri kiy<k|mn[ p\si(rt krvimi> aiv[ C[.
ü kli[z`D srk)T T)..v). : Closed Circuite T.V.
o
p\sirNmi> kiƒa[ks)bl k[bl oiri j[ t[ AYinni nini myi<(dt (vAtirmi>
T[(l(vznni upyi[gi[:-
ü smicir dS<n: ri[jbri[jn) bnt)
GTniai[ an[ d[S-(vd[Sni mh_vni nini / mi[Ti bnivi[ dSi<vvi
ü (SxN miT[: ai]pci(rk an[
ani]pci(rk (SxNni kiy<k|mi[
ü mni[r>jn miT[: (fÃmi[, ~[N)ai[
{s)r)yli[}, niTki[, rmt-gmt, p\visni AYLn) mi(ht), li[kkYi, g)ti[, li[knZRy,
nZRy,
ü p\cir miT[: nv)n (vcir, kiy<
k[ uRpidnni p\cir an[ p\sir, jih[rit, li[kmins an[ li[kjigZ(t miT[.
ü Jv>t p\sirN miT[: ki[e GTni /
bniv k[ p\s>gni J>v>t p\sirN miT[
ü SiLimi> upyi[g:
·
d*rdS<n an[ b)J c[nli[ oiri p\si(rt krmi> aivti> S]x(Nk
kiy<k|mi[n[ p\sirN smy[ T).v). oiri (vwiY)< smx dSi<vvi
·
p\s>g k[ GTni a>g[ni Jv>t p\sirNi[ dSi<vvi
·
r[ki[(D<>g kr[li> kiy<k|mi[ dSi<vvi
fiydi:
ü T).v).ni (Sxmi> upyi[Y)
(SxNni[ Äyip vF[.
ü (SxN vg<K>Dn) d)vilin)
a>dr n rh[ti vg<K>Dn) myi<dimi>Y) bhir
ü vg<K>Dmi> - (SxN smy[
j[ bibti[ rj* krv) aSky hi[y t[ bibti[ (vwiY)< ji[e Sk[ C[.
ü a[k siY[ (v(vF p\kirni dÆy ~iÄy
simg\)ni[ smºvy
ü vF& ÄyvIAYt an[ aiyi[Jt
kiy<k|mi[
ü (vPy (vONi>t - tj`Xi[ni[ liB
ü (v(vF p¹F(tai[n) asr kirk
rj*aiut
ü s>kÃpniai[ni[ ²yil ApOT kr)
Skiy
ü a[k j siY{ FNi> AYLi[a[
p\sirN
ü (v(vFti / T).v).n& aikP<N
ü d*rvt)< (SxN miT[ a(vBijy
a>g
ü ani]pci(rk (SxNn&> mi¹ym
ü smg\tin) asr an[ Jv>t p\sirN
t[mj (v(Dyi[ k[s[Tni[ upyi[g
myidi<:-
ü (vwiY)<n[ p\Ån p*Cvin) k[
cci< krvin) tk mLt) nY).
ü T).v). pr rj* Yti[ kiy<k|m
pi[tin) zDp[ aigL vF[ C[. bFi j (vwiY)< a[ zDp[ n pN smJ Sk[.
ü T).v). pr p\si(rt Yti>
kiy<k|mi[ an[ SiLi smymi> ke an&k*Lti UB) Ye Skt) nY).
ü SiLiai[ pis[ ci[kks
kiy<k|mi[n) mi(ht)ni[ aBiv.
ü S]x(Nk kiy<k|m a>g[n)
(v(Dyi[ k[s[T pN p\miNmi> ai[C) upl¾F C[.
ü T).v). pr rj* Yti> fkt dÆy-~iÄy
an&Bvi[ p*rti> nY). (vwiY)< px[ ki[e p\vZ(_i nY) / ai>tr(k\yi Sky
nY).
s[lfi[n:
ü aijni jminin&> p\Ryiynn&>
agRyn&> mi¹ym.
ü t[ni vD[ ÄyIktni[ ki[e pN j³yia[ ki[e pN smy[
s>p<k kr) Skie.
ü (k>mt an[ upl¾F)n) srLti.
ü viprvimi> srLti / bFi j ÄyIkt srLtiY) vipr)
Sk[.
ü miT[ (SxNmi> srLtiY) upyi[g kr) Skiy t[m C[.
(SxNmi> upyi[g:
ü dr[k (vwiY)<n[ p\v[S, pr)xi, f) vg[r[n)
jiNkir) a[k siY{ j aip) Skiy.
ü (vwiY)<n) hijr), vt<n, (SAt, a¿yismi>
p\g|(t vg[r[n) jiNkir) vil)n[ a[s.a[m.a[s oiri aip) Skiy.
ü (vwiY)< pi[tin[ m*jvti> p\Åni[n&>
mig<dS<n m[Lv) Sk[.
ü mi[bielmi> an[k f>kSn hi[y C[ j[vi> k[
(DkSnr), k[Ãy&l[Tr, y&(nT kºvT<r, mp3 vi[es r[ki[D<r, k[m[ri, ¾l*
T*Y t[mj eºTrn[T an[ v[b b\iuzis< pN aip[li hi[y C[. ai bFini[ (SxN miT[ upyi[g
Ye Sk[.
ü (Sxki[ pi[t[ aip[li Äyi²yini[n&>
r[ki[D)<>g siBL) pi[tin)
rj&aitmi> yi[³y s&Firi[ kr) Sk[ C[.
ü Av(vkis til)m miT[ mi[biel upyi[g).
ü aiBis) vg< K>Dni (nmiN<mi> upyi[g),
j[ d*rAY (SxNni[ Big.
ü (vwiY)<ai[n) rj*ait, a[sienm[ºT tYi p\kÃpn)
mi(ht) m[Lv) Skiy.
ü mi[bielni[ PC k[ LCD siY[ upyi[g kr)n[ srLtiY)
a¹yyn kriv) Skiy.
ü (vwiY)<a[n[ Av a¹yyn an[ Project oiri (SxNn)
sgvD p*r) piD) Skiy C[.
ü (Sxki[ an[ (vwiY)<ai[ SiLimi> ki[e pN
AYL[Y) pi[tini l[pTi[p k[ kÀ¼y&Trmi> Internet ni[ upyi[g kr) Sk[.
ü (v(vF (vPyi[ni aikZ(t k[ ciT<viLi m&d`i
srL r)t[ mi[biel oiri smJ Skiy C[.
_________________________________________________________________
Mr. Kalpesh V. Patel
AMITY B.Ed.
College, Bharuch
;MO8J[Z
Software {si[fTv[r}
:-
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_________________________________________________________________
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BiPi p\yi[gSiLi
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C[.
v (vd[S) BiPi pi[tin) BiPin) zDp[ bi[lti, vi>cti, lKti
S)K) Skiy C[.
v BiPi (SxNmi> S&¹W uµcirN S)Kv) Skiy C[.
v (vwiY)< pi[tin) B*l pi[t[ si>BL[ an[ s&Firi[
liv) Sk[ C[.
v (vwiY)< T[p si>BL) an&krN an[ p&nrivt<n
oiri BiPin&> (SxN m[Lv) Sk[.
v BiPi a¹yyn asrkirk r)t[ Ye Sk[ C[.
v asrkirk s>vid ki]SÃy UB&> krvi miT[ upyi[g)
C[.
v S&¹W uµcirN siY[ BiPi bi[lvi miT[.
v dr[k (vwiY)< pi[tin) SIkt an&sir (SxN mL[v) Sk[
C[.
fiydi
BiPi(SxNn) c)licil& (SxNpÜ(t krti>
BiPi p\yi[gSiLini (vF[ykfiydi n)c[ m&jb C[.
v (vwiY)<ai[ (vd[S) BiPi Ryi>n) ÄyIkt oiri bi[liy[l
Av$pmi> si>BL) Sk[ C[.
v (vwiY)<ai[n[ s(k|y r)t[ BiPi bi[lvini[ smy mL) rh[
C[.
v pi[tin) B*li[ pi[t[ j si>BL[ an[ s&Fir liv[ C[.
v dr[k (vwiY)< pi[tin) eµCi an&sir T[p si>BL)
Sk[ C[.
v dr[k (vwiY)< pi[tin) SIkt-zDp an&sir a¹yyn kr)
Sk[ C[.
v dr[k (vwiY)< pi[tini b*Ymi> kiy< krti> hi[e
a[kb)ji pr asr Yt) nY). a[kb)jinni kimmi> r&kivt aivt) nY).
v (Sxk smg\ vg<n[ DKl kyi< (sviy dr[k (vwiY)<n[
ÄyIktgt s*cn aip) Sk[ C[.
v
(Sxkn[ c)licil&
(SxNpÜ(tY) riht aip[ C[. smy, ~m bc[ C[, j[Y) dr[k (vwiY)< pr ÄyIktgt ¹yin
aip) Sk[ C[.
_________________________________________________________________
Mr. Kalpesh V. Patel
AMITY B.Ed.
College, Bharuch
minvRv :
ki[s<v[rn) rcnimi> minvtRvn) B*(mki
minv j ki[s<v[rn&>
sj<n kr[ C[ an[ hiD<-v[r an[ si[fTv[r a[m bºn[ a>gi[ni[ (vkis kr)
t[mni[ upyi[g kr[ C[. a¿yisk|mn[ (vPyvAt& (vPyvAt& Av$p[ a¹y[timi>
s>k|(mt krvi miT[ j ki[e<v[rn&> sj<n Yiy C[ a[Tl[ k[
ki[s<v[rn&> sj<n pN minvt_v kr[ C[ an[ upyi[g pN minvt_v j kr[ C[.
aim, minvt_v a[ ki[s<v[rn&> agRyn&> a>g C[.
Ø a¹y[ti vF& an[ yi[³y smj k[Lv[ t[ miT[ minvt_v j hiD<v[r an[
si[fTv[rni[ u(ct upyi[g kr) Sk[ C[.
Ø a¹y[timi> Xinn&> s>k|mN Äyv(AYt Yiy t[ miT[ si]Y) j$r)
(Sxkn) sjjti C[. siri (Sxk j ki[s<v[rn[ Firdir an[ asrkirk bniv) Sk[ C[.
Ø ki[s<v[rni[ upyi[g vFir) aipN[ minvtRvni[ upyi[g ai[Ci[ j$r kr) Sk)a[
pr>t& minvn) aivDt kÀ¼y&Tr kyir[y nY) m[Lv) Skt&>. (SxN
mi>Y) minv tRvn) bidbik) as>Bv C[.
Ø (Sxkn&> mi(ht) p\At&tkti< tr)k[ mh_v Bl[ GTy&> hi[y
pr>t& mig<dS<k tr)k[n&> mh_v yYivt j nY) bÃk[ v¹y&>
C[. mi(ht)ni Qgli mi>Y) S&> an[ k[v&> ps>d krv&> t[
(Sxk j a¹y[tin[ s*cv) Sk[ C[.
Ø kÀ¼y&Tr (Sxkn) j³yi le Sky&> nY). (vks)t d[Si[mi> (Sxki[n)
vFt) jt) mi>g a[ aini[ ApOT p*rivi[ C[.
Ø ki[s<v[rn) rcnimi>, a¹y[timi> s>k|mN an[ (nOp(_i ai #iN[y
x[#i[ (Sxkn) B*(mki yYivt rh) C[.
Ø aijni kÀ¼y&Tr, eºTrn[T, T[(lki[ºfrIºs>gni smymi> hv[
(vwiY)<n) (Sxk pis[ hijr) a[Tl) a(nviy< nY), pN hv[ (sxk srLtiY)
(vwiY)<mi> Xinn&> s>k|mN kr) Sk[ C[.
Ø hv[ (Sxkn) B*(mkimi>Y) yi>(#ikti ai[C) Ye C[ pN siFni[n) uplI¾F
vFti> ki[s<v[rn) rcnin[ vF& rsp\d, asrkirk an[ srL bnivvimi>
(Sxkn) B*(mkin&> mh_v v¹y&> C[.
Ø ai s>ji[gi[mi> (Sxki[n) sj<kvZ(_i pN K)l) C[ an[ K*b u_im kxini
ki[s<v[rn) rcni Sky bn) C[.
_________________________________________________________________
p\i. kÃp[S
pT[l
aƒ(mT)
b).a[D`. kiƒl[j B$c
kÀ¼y&Tr (SxN
S]x(Nk
T[k`ni[li[Jmi> a¹y[tin&> kÀ¼y&Tr oiri Yt&> a¹yyn
kÀ¼y&Tr ai(sAT[D l(n<>g kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. kÀ¼y&Tr oiri
Yt&> a¹yyn v[(Vk C[ an[ t[mi> (vPyvAt& k[ a¿yisk|mn) myi>di
nY). a¹y[tin) kÃpni jyi> s&F) (vAtr[ Ryi> s&F)n&> a¹yyn
Sky bn[ C[.
kÀ¼y&Trni
S$aitni tbkkimi> vD<ATir, li[T`s, D)b[ez, vg[r[ j[vi y&(Tl)T)
si[fTv[r upyi[gmi> l[viti hti. p\v<tmin diykimi> ai tmim
si[fTv[rn&> a[k p[k[j upl¾F C[ j[n[ a[m.a[s.ai[(fs kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.t[mi>
n)c[ dSi<Äyi p\miN[ni aƒI¼lk[Sn si[fTv[r upl¾F C[.
1.
a[m.a[s. vD<
2. a[m.a[s. a[ks[l
3. a[m.a[s. a[ks[s
4. a[m.a[s. pivrpi[eºT
5. a[m.a[s. aiuTb&k
6. a[m.a[s. f|ºTp[ez
7. a[m.a[s. pI¾lSr
vD<
Ø vD< p\i[s[s)>g krt&> aƒI¼lk[Sn si[f`Tv[r
C[.
Ø ai si[f`Tv[r Di[ky&m[ºTs t]yir krvi miT[
upyi[gmi> l[viy C[.
Ø vD<ni[ upyi[g SiLini (SxNmi> n)c[ jNiv[l kiyi[<
miT[ kr) Skiy.
Ø SiLini[ p#iÄyvhir
Ø SiLini rJATr t]yir krvi miT[
Ø SiLini[ ah[vil t]yir krvi miT[.
Ø (vwiY)< miT[ a¿yis simg\n) ni[F t]yir krvi miT[.
Ø b&l[T)n bi[D< pr m*kvi miT[n) simg\) t]yir krvi
miT[.
Ø a¹yynlx) simg\) t]yir krvi miT[.
Ø S]x(Nk kiy<k|mi[ni Big$p[ p\dS<nlx) simg\)n)
t]yir) miT[.
Ø BiPim>DL k[ (vXin m>DL j[vi m>DLi[ni
kiy<k|mi[ni Big$p[ simi(yk k[ B)>tp#ii[ t]yir krvi miT[.
Ø ki[epN Di[ky&m[ºT k[ p#i GN) ÄyIktai[n[ mi[klvini
hi[y Ryir[ m[elmj<n) mddY) j&di j&di nim[ an[ a[D^[sn) (p\ºT siY[ t[
j p#i Cipvi miT[.
a[ks[l:
Ø a[ks[lni[ upyi[g SiLimi> n)c[ jNiv[l kiyi[< miT[
kr) Skiy
Ø (hsibi[ riKvi
Ø (hsibi[n) ni[>F
Ø p#iki[
Ø gNtr) {pgir, Äyij, vg[r[}
Ø ai>kDiSiA#i) gNtr)
Ø sr[ris hijr)
Ø k&l (vwiY)<n) s>²yi
Ø vg< an[ SiLin&> p(rNim Tkimi>
Ø agiuni vpi[< siY{ cil& vP<n) t&lni
Ø (vwiY)<ai[ni p(rNim prY) r[ºk k[ g\[D aipvi
Ø p(rNimn) rj*ait ail[K Av$p[ krv)
Ø vg<vir k[ SiLini p(rNimi[ni p#iki[ t]yir krvi.
Ø (vwiY)<n) mi(ht) ki[qi Av$p[ gi[qvv).
Ø bj[T t]yir krv&>
Ø dr[k p\kirn) gNtr) miT[ upyi[g) j[mi> gi(N(tk,
ai>kDiSiA#i)y, (hsib) j[v) tmim gNtr)ai[ kr) Skiy.
Ø gNtr) Avy> Yiy C[, a[Tl[ k[ rkm bdlviY) aºy gNtr)
Avy> Yiy C[.
pivr
pi[eºT:
Ø ai
p\[z[ºT[Sn si[f`Tv[r C[. t[Y) vD< / a[ks[lmi> t]yir mi(ht) s)F)
pivrpi[e>Tmi> liv) Skiy C[.
Ø rj*ait
Avy> s>ci(lt bniv) Skiy.
Ø p\z[ºT[Snmi>
m)(Dyini tmim A#ii[ti[ ¹vn), dÆy, hilt&> cilt&> dÆy, g\if)ks,
a[n)m[T[D g\if)ks, (vg[r[ni[ smºvy Ye Sk[
Ø pivr
pi[e>T oiri a¹yipn simg\)n[ T[bl, vg)<krN, aikZ(t k[ sidi a[(nm[Sn siY[ rj*
kr) Skiy C[.
Ø lKiN
pN AlieD Av$p[ kmb¹F rj* kr) Skiy.
Ø s[m)nir
k[ vk<Si[pmi> rj* krvin) mi(ht) pivr pi[e>T oiri dSi<v) Skiy C[.
Ø rj*ait
krvin) mi(ht)mi> fi[Ti, g\if)ks, vg[r[ni[ upyi[g Ye Sk[ C[.
Ø r>gni
upyi[gY) (v(vFti liv) Skiy C[.
EºTrn[T:
Ø e-m[el
mi[klvi an[ m[Lvvi
Ø f[ks
mi[klvi an[ m[Lvvi
Ø vi[es
m[elni[ upyi[g kr) fi[n krvi
Ø ai[n
lien s(v<sni[ upyi[g kr)n[ s>d[Si Av$p[ mi(ht) mi[kl) Skiy / m[Lv) Skiy
an[ t[ mi(ht)n[ p\(tcir aipvi
Ø d*r
- d*rni kÀ¼y&Tr siY[ ji[DiL / s>pk< krvi
Ø viti<lip
krvi[DiL / s>pk< krvi
Ø .s>d[Si Av$p[ mi(ht) mi[kl) Skiy / m[Lv) Skiy an[
t[ mi(ht)n[ p\(tcir aip) Skiy.
Ø / v[b)nir y[jvi
Ø (vD)yi[
ki[ºfrºs yi[jvi
Ø j&d)
j&d) fien[ mi[klvi tYi m[Lvvi miT[
Ø aipN)
pi[tin) v[bsieT bniv) mi(ht) b)ji miT[ m*k) Skiy.
Ø ap[(xt
mi(ht) Si[Fvi miT[ sc< a[>(jnni[ upyi[g kr) Skiy.
Ø aKbiri[k[ yi[g kr) Skiy.c< a[i(ht) b)ji miT[ m*k)
Skiy.[ / sim(yki[n&> vi>cn krvi miT[.
Ø (vVni
ki[e pN K*Nin) v[bsieTn) mi(ht) aipNi kÀ¼y&Trmi> s[v kr) t[n) (p\ºT
m[Lv) Skiy.
Ø
aºy kÀ¼y&Tr siY[
ji[DiN m[Lvvi miT[.